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There is so much to do and project leads are always excited to have helping hands. Though initial choice is not necessarily irreversible; contracts could be designed to be yanked https: Is sharding smart contracts theoretically possible? Do Quantum Computers pose a permanent threat to ownerless legacy addresses with significant funds and can they cause collisions with old will ethereum continue to grow ethereum withdrawal from bittrex You'll chose based on proximity to contracts of interest, and gas prices. Unfortunately TEEs is trusted hardware. Formal verification of smart contracts is awesome and super valuable IMO. ETH 2. Coinbase adding doge do any online brokers take bitcoin I am confident in all of the current fundamental technologies for all the phases outlined so far Casper FFG and CBC, sharding, erasure coded data availability proofs, proofs of custody, receipt-based async transactions, layer 2 for acceleration, abstraction, rent, "stateless client" verification. Why should anyone move to the Beacon Chain? For true decentralization it is required to get more people on board that understand the full process. I worry that we botch the spec with poor taste in some of the implementation details, or bugs how many bitcoins did the system start with rothschild investment bitcoin we miss. Encrypted data shards. The main difference between the eth1 and eth2 systems that users will need to worry about is likely to be rent or equivalents like gas-payment-extended bounded TTLs. Math, cryptography, computer science, programming, economics, networking are all relevant. Will The beacon chain allow tokens to be send. Follow up A: Avalanche is interesting to me because it's a fresh approach. Could this be used in lieu of specialized hardware? How difficult will it be for 1. Which problems of Phase 1 and 2 are still left to be solved? This is an implementation .
How much funds does Ethereum foundation have and are these enough for finishing Eth 2. Since Vitalik already said 'research is done', what are developers' incentives to push things forward? Looking forward best hardware mining ethereum free bitcoin.com login seeing how it plays out with Bitcoin Cash. Any comments on this? This means that the data bandwidth is capped. The general approach is that application storage will need to be more "modular" and explicitly broken down into chunks associated with specific users, possibly with a fixed amount of "global" storage, plus some short-term storage not assigned to any user that goes away after some fixed amount of time, eg. Nakamoto PoW does. One of the features of Ethereum 2. Infrastructure like Filecoin may prove to be a good trustless storage solution. What are some good cypherpunk books that you would recommend to people getting interested in this space? That's common base-layer infrastructure. Given the above timeline, is it fair to say that DAPP's have to wait at least 4 years before they can run their smart contracts on top of Ethereum 2. Phase 2 about is when we will have scalable L1 execution.
Building on Ethereum 1. We do have a way! Have you looked into hyraxZK. The current plan is to incorporate the eth1. Nimbus https: Ethereum 2. Scaling from shards will come in phase 1 and phase 2. Why should anyone wait till "the mids" to use ETH2. ETH in the beacon chain would not be transferable anywhere! Unfortunately TEEs is trusted hardware. If the community gets tired of Ethereum 1. Do you think it's likely? Hopefully at that point it will become clearer how to build applications in such a way that they could be redeployed as-is on the 2. The tricky part is getting everything to fit together cleanly. Then, if I want to interact with the kitties of someone else who resides on a different shard, my experience will be much slower and cumbersome than if that person would reside in my shard or at least this is how I understand the system will work, please correct me if I am wrong. This allows for a validator to create any type of obfuscated network setup that serves their purposes. Where does new client software take lists of peers with their ip addresses and ports? So November and January would be my two best guesses. If I deploy a contract in ETH 2. Given the above timeline, is it fair to say that DAPP's have to wait at least 4 years before they can run their smart contracts on top of Ethereum 2.
We're excited to see new efforts like the "Ethereum Cat Herders" and scheduled release cycles emerging in 1. Diversity in setup includes -- node software, validation bittrex send to coinbase invest in bitcoin mining company, local server vs cloud provider and which cloud if using cloudgeographic region. So we chose the route that would be somewhat more painful in the short term, but significantly lower headache to actually get to a stable sharded system overall. Are there any specific measures taken to ensure a smooth transition? The economics of staking will find the natural equilibrium. How difficult will it be for 1. Will there be any zk-snarks related enhancements coming with Eth 2. Those shards, even without an EVM, can be used as the data availability layer for TrueBit and other alternative execution engines. Specifically, only validator balances exist in the Beacon Chain. The key security guarantee of sharding comes from frequently shuffling validators into randomly-sampled committees known as "crosslink committees". For implementation, there are multiple topics:
The current design has a fixed number of shards, at most one block per 6-second slot, and fixed block sizes. At that point there are scalability advantages in being a super-node, i. Why are you not doing "proper" research and submit publications to conferences? Is this true for only phase 0? Note, one of the design goals in the spec readme -- "to minimize complexity, even at the cost of some losses in efficiency" We're excited to see new efforts like the "Ethereum Cat Herders" and scheduled release cycles emerging in 1. After phase 1 the number of validators that can be operated on a single machine depends on how resourceful your machine is. Though in the current phase 1 spec that's sitting around in draft mode the block size is so far fixed to 16 kB, as keeping it fixed makes the code for proofs of custody, data availability proofs, etc much simpler. We have a mechanism called "partial slashing". If so, how confident are you about the other phases? How would one go about that? We are already sharing costs with Filecoin on viability studies.
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There is so much to do and project leads are always excited to have helping hands. By default the beacon chain validators will just use the voting mechanism that's specified in the spec, and whichever chain a majority of the validators support is the chain that the beacon chain will go with. A dApp would have to get really big to consume all the resources in a given shard to justify spreading itself over multiple shards. Will we consider some kind of tax baked into the system to ensure sustainability of core developments and infrastructure? Every shard gets security with the same notional value. Building on Ethereum 1. We consider every shard equal, and provide high security for all shards. We're definitely trying hard to bring the complexity down! Ownerless legacy address could be a systemic risk for blockchains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin. The main negative consequence is that dApps relying on unbiasable randomness will have to wait longer than expected for the random numbers to arrive. We envision economic activity to begin to move over as the system stabilizes and begins to show clear economic benefits to the users. Will there be any zk-snarks related enhancements coming with Eth 2. In this phase, that hash becomes "unstubbed". Can you switch machines? This incentivizes to utilize different node and validation software from the majority so that in the case of a ddos attack vector against a particular node implementation, your offline losses are minimized. As does the Casper FFG paper! Are there any efforts to translate research specifications into other languages? Which problems of Phase 1 and 2 are still left to be solved?
Not really an answer to your question, but Ethresear. How does eth 2. A dApp would have to get really big to consume all the resources in a given shard to depositing onto bitstamp hitbtc icx btc spreading itself over multiple shards. V said that there are no fundamental problems left to solve. I think Eric Conner has a spreadsheet. Have not looked into Hyrax specifically, but I am totally not surprised that things xaurum poloniex gatehub recover key it exist. Yes, Eth2. What are your thoughts on formal verification of smart contracts? What do you guys think of the Avalanche consensus mechanism and could it play a role in the ETH roadmap further into the future? There is so much to do and project leads are always excited to have helping hands. The hope is that this fast shuffling resists bribing attacks, in both the "honest majority" and the "slowly-adaptive rational majority" security models. Note that this will just be a state root and an EVM interpreter along with eth balances. Gas limits per how can i b e a bitcoin miner comparing iota with bitcoin by numbers In theory yes, but as I understand recursive zk-STARKs won't make sense from a performance standpoint for most applications, at least in the medium term. An execution engine is a way to compute state assuming consensus on data. It's known as "storage rent" and "storage maintenance fees". Why should anyone move to the Beacon Chain? I don't see this as a practical solution, but I'm open to being convinced otherwise:
In my mind the Ethereum 2. When, as in period of time, do you think Ethereum will be able to solve scalability issues? If we want to bump up capacity later increasing the shard count may well be the simpler way to do it. In phase 0 just the beacon chain, no shards you can likely handle thousands of validators on a single machine. See this answer. This improves security as well, reddit bitcoin split ethereum is a hub hudson jameson podcast an attacker now needs to compromise two of the BLS key shares. Basically, will one shard capture all the defi apps because they can't directly communicate with each other on separate shards? Considering that Yoichi is not working anymore bitcoin moonpool how do i buy ripple the Foundation, what are your plans on formal verification of ETH 2. Users will be able to call into this contract by providing merkle witnesses of the required state. In addition to this, we are currently laying down the foundations of cross client testing and fuzzing akin to eth1. If yes - what happens when we run a validator on 3 machines, one goes temporary offline, one is compromised, one is OK? If they run the beacon chain, they can then sync whatever shard chains they want. Avalanche is interesting to me because it's a fresh approach. Why is ETH decred mining profitability diamond wallet crypto. At the application layer contracts can be powered by non-EVM2. That said we recognize that there's still a way to go, and many features of eth2 don't feel neat and clean the way eg. Rough ballpark figures. How will this affect the transition of the Eth 1.
ETH in the beacon chain would not be transferable anywhere! Considering that Yoichi is not working anymore in the Foundation, what are your plans on formal verification of ETH 2. A similarly popular decentralised equivalent would likely fit on a single shard, especially when fancy L2 infrastructure is involved e. Is there is centralized server? I expect quantum-secure signature schemes to gradually become more popular. The key security guarantee of sharding comes from frequently shuffling validators into randomly-sampled committees known as "crosslink committees". Table of contents Questions and Answers Resources: So there is an incentive to avoid correlation with other validators, and hence avoid centralisation. Ultimately the community will have to make a tradeoff between low inflation and high security. At that point there are scalability advantages in being a super-node, i. VDF announcements to come in February: The simplest way to do this would be to encourage the development of such tech as application-layer or network-layer addons so that it we do not need an agreement at consensus layer about a single ZKP scheme that everyone uses. For privacy, just encrypt the data. Completely removing inflation—relying on transaction fees only—would also be possible see below for security argument. The good news is that we only need one VDF evaluator to be online for normal operation, and even if everyone goes down it's not a huge deal. There will be a small incentive for validators to also be VDF evaluators. Thoughts on this tweet? If we want to bump up capacity later increasing the shard count may well be the simpler way to do it. I described the three phases here https: I answered a related question here https:
The simplest way to do this would be to encourage the development of such tech as application-layer or network-layer addons cryptocurrency vs altcoin what can mine ethereum that it we do not need an agreement at consensus layer about a single ZKP scheme that everyone uses. Crosslink committees are critical, hence why there are shuffled fast. I personally hope bitcoin vulnerabilities pty coinmarketcap.com medium-term switch to Casper CBC see https: Follow up point: Use Ethereum 2. We consider every shard equal, and provide high security for all shards. The complexity is actually not so much in the rent itself, it's in how it changes the developer experience. After PoS, if a node gets hacked, can the hacker make the node to lose its stake by confirming false transactions? Bitcoin commerce where to get bitcoins uk the article above, this is what I understand as the timeline of Ethereum 2. Given that the end goal is to scale to a very large kraken vs gatehub antminer s9 mhs of shards, then the likelihood to have to go cross-shard increases exponentially with time, and thus the user experience gets progressively worse and worse. The gas limit on the other hand will likely be floating, just like Ethereum 1. Right now crosslink committees are shuffled every epoch 6. In this phase, that hash becomes "unstubbed". Our general instinct is to find ways to make it possible to get the benefits of many different ZKP schemes with different tradeoffs in ethereum. Is there some kind of roadmap for how it works generally bitcoin bitman antminer s9 buy migration from ETH 1. Depending on how the distribution of value shakes out across shards, potentially materially inefficient? Financial rewards through ETH inflation.
If everybody is running nodes in cloud that means we have possible single point of failure, which is against what I think we are trying to achieve and what enterprise customers are looking to eliminate. At this point the chain will have Casper finality, an RNG, shuffling into the various validator roles, and simulate crosslinking in the currently non-existent shard chains. So at the application layer I expect lots of non-homogeneity across shards, as well as a lots of homogeneity thanks to standardisation. If you find an error, typo, bug, etc, submit a PR. Right now crosslink committees are shuffled every epoch 6. What happens if the machine I'm using gets destroyed or stolen during the lock up period? The breakdown of even a single shard namely, an unavailable or invalid crosslink would likely be catastrophic for the whole system. At that point there are scalability advantages in being a super-node, i. TEEs can be used to generate randomness using delay. At the latest, I expect phase 2 to launch in , but we are building a complex system and can't say for sure what unexpected challenges might arise between now and then. Is there is centralized server? These allow you to touch the codebase, contribute a bit, get the lay of the land, and provide the foundation to tackle bigger issues from there. Is this true for only phase 0? You mean the current chain or the 2. Honestly hybrid Casper is a bit of a dead end. Let's say that I have some ethereum locked on a time locked contract, will be available after the 2. Opening up more languages by using WASM will also allow for utilization of more restricted languages that are more amenable to FV. Phase 2 about is when we will have scalable L1 execution. My best guess is that Ethereum 1. Since this AMA is primarily about on the 2.
Just some thoughts. How will the Eth1. I don't see this as a practical solution, but I'm open to being convinced otherwise: I'm not aware of any unbiasable best place to buy bitcoin and storing them does bitcoin use segwit schemes that only have strong liveness, other than VDFs: These allow you to touch the codebase, contribute a bit, get the lay of the land, and provide the foundation to tackle bigger issues from. Unfortunately TEEs is trusted hardware. And first, you can take a look the various topics on Ethereum Sharding Research Compendium to see which area you're most interested in. I'm quoting James' article: When, as in period of time, do you think Ethereum will be able to solve scalability issues? This seems inefficient to me.
Given that the end goal is to scale to a very large number of shards, then the likelihood to have to go cross-shard increases exponentially with time, and thus the user experience gets progressively worse and worse. Specifically, only validator balances exist in the Beacon Chain. This option is nice because it allows us to cleanly deprecate eth1. This incentivizes to utilize different node and validation software from the majority so that in the case of a ddos attack vector against a particular node implementation, your offline losses are minimized. There will be thousands of VDF rigs given for free to the community. This seems inefficient to me. Overtime as usage increases, I expect the economic benefits of deploying and interacting on particular shards will become more tangible and result in a more economically rational distribution across shards. What is the most updated timeline for rolling out PoS? Hopefully we will see those soon after the launch of phase 0. Though initial choice is not necessarily irreversible; contracts could be designed to be yanked https: Yes, there are already a number of experiments in eth1. In my mind the Ethereum 2.
Execution and state comes in phase 2. I expect many tools and best practices to arise for home validators in the coming months. Observing the emergent behavior is going to be super fascinating: My best guess is that Ethereum 1. At the consensus layer we are trying hard to be friendly to decentralised staking pools. If not, what mechanism will the beacon chain use to determine which Eth 1. Have not looked into Hyrax specifically, but I am totally not surprised that things like it exist. The main negative consequence is that dApps relying on unbiasable randomness will have to wait longer than expected for the random numbers to arrive. As a rule of thumb, launching in December is hard because of the holiday season. The validator's protocol level identity and it's node's network identity are completely decoupled.